D (Fig 3F). To decide whether or not the truncations decreased the activity toward phospho-ERK by means of recognition of your ERK activation loop sequence, we measured the STEP truncation activity toward the ERK pT202pY204 phospho-peptide. All truncations had kcat/Km ratios for this phospho-ERK peptide that have been comparable for the wild-type phosphatase, suggesting that these truncations do not impact STEP activity by means of a loss of phospho-peptide sequence recognition. Thus, KIM, the N-terminal portion of KIS, and also the C-terminal a part of KIS are necessary for ERK dephosphorylation by STEP. These motifs Adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR) Accession contribute to dephosphorylation by way of protein-protein interactions in lieu of by affecting the intrinsic activity of STEP or its recognition of your ERK phospho-peptide sequence. Residues of your STEP KIM region accountable for efficient phospho-ERK dephosphorylation In addition to STEP, no less than two identified ERK tyrosine phosphatases (HePTP and PTP-SL) and most dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases have a KIM that mediates their interactions with ERK(Francis et al. 2011a) (Zhou et al. 2002). Biochemical and structural experiments have revealed that two conserved standard residues followed by the hydrophobic A-X-B motif mediate ERK-phosphatase interactions by way of STEP binding to the CD site and also a hydrophobic groove located around the ERK surface, respectively (Fig 4A) (Liu et al. 2006, Piserchio et al. 2012b, Huang et al. 2004, Zuniga et al. 1999). Depending on our previous crystallographic work on the ERK-MKP3 interaction, we also generated a structural model of ERK in complicated with MMP-1 Formulation STEP-KIM to facilitate our mutagenesis style (Fig 4C, solutions in supplemental supplies). To achieve insight into how KIM mediates the dephosphorylation of ERK by STEP, we initial mutated the conserved standard residue R242 or R243 plus the hydrophobic residue L249 or L251 and monitored the effects of those mutants on STEP catalysis. Similar for the STEPKIM deletion, these mutations did not affect STEP activity toward pNPP or the phosphopeptide derived from the ERK activation loop (Fig 4B). Nonetheless, the mutation of eitherJ Neurochem. Author manuscript; accessible in PMC 2015 January 01.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptLi et al.PageR242A or R243A decreased the kcat/Km ratio in the reaction toward the phospho-ERK protein by 4- or 6-fold, respectively (Fig 4B). These benefits suggest that these mutations mainly impaired the binding of STEP to ERK. We next examined the effects of mutations within the conserved hydrophobic A-X-B motif of STEP. Our structural model predicted that STEP L249 sits within a pocket defined by H142, Y145 and F146, of ERK, whereas STEP L251 is positioned within the hydrophobic pocket defined by ERK L132 and L173 (Fig 4C). Mutation of L249A or L251A decreased the kcat/Km for phospho-ERK by 2.5-fold or 7-fold, respectively (Fig 4B). Thus, we conclude that both conserved hydrophobic residues within the A-X-B motif along with the arginine situated in KIM are important for efficient ERK dephosphorylation by STEP. S245, located inside the STEP KIM, is an significant regulatory web page in the dephosphorylation of phospho-ERK by STEP It really is worth noting that STEP activity is downregulated by the phosphorylation of Ser245 in KIM, which can be mediated by the activation of D1 dopamine receptor stimulated by psychostimulant drugs (Valjent et al. 2005, Paul et al. 2000). Conversely, NMDA receptor activation results in STEP dephosphorylation at Ser245 by calcineurin, activating STEP.
