Atement: The authors declare no economic or other conflict of interests. This study was financed by the medical faculty of Goethe University.agronomyArticleMining Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers for Correct Genotype Identification and Diversity Analysis of p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Purity Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) GermplasmLihua Song 1, , Bing Cao 1 , Yue Zhang 1 , Lyndel W. Meinhardt 2 and Dapeng ZhangSchool of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; bingcao2006@126 (B.C.); 13722302660@163 (Y.Z.) USDA-ARS, Sustainable Perennial Crop Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; [email protected] (L.W.M.); [email protected] (D.Z.) Correspondence: [email protected]: Song, L.; Cao, B.; Zhang, Y.; Meinhardt, L.W.; Zhang, D. Mining Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers for Accurate Genotype Identification and Diversity Analysis of Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Germplasm. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2303. 10.3390/ agronomy11112303 Academic Editor: Cseh Andras Received: 7 October 2021 Accepted: ten November 2021 Published: 15 NovemberAbstract: Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an economically critical fruit tree with outstanding adaptability to marginal lands and also a broad array of climate situations. You will find over 800 cultivars, mainly landraces from China. On the other hand, a higher rate of mislabeling in Chinese jujube germplasm restricts the sharing of information and facts and supplies amongst jujube researchers and hampers the use of jujube germplasm in breeding. Propamocarb Autophagy within the present study, we created a large panel of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and validated 288 SNPs by genotyping 114 accessions of Chinese jujube germplasm. The validation resulted inside the designation of a set of 192 polymorphic SNP markers that revealed a higher rate of synonymous mislabeling within the jujube germplasm collection in Ningxia, China. A total of 17 groups of duplicates had been detected, encompassing 49 in the 114 Chinese jujube cultivars. Model-based population stratification revealed two germplasm groups, and the core members of the two groups showed a significant genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.16). The outcomes supported the hypothesis that the cultivated Chinese jujube had numerous origins and multiple regions of domestication. The Neighbor-Joining dendrogram further revealed that this collection is comprised of several sub-groups, every such as 1-13 closely connected cultivars. Parentage analysis of cultivars with identified pedigree data proved the efficacy of employing these SNP markers for parentage verification. A subset of 96 SNPs with high facts index was chosen for future downstream application such as gene bank management, verification of pedigrees in breeding applications, excellent manage for propagation of planting supplies and support of your traceability and authentication of jujube items. Keyword phrases: genetic integrity; genetic redundancy; gene bank; mislabeling; DNA fingerprinting; molecular markers; domestication; off-type; Chinese datePublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a diploid fruit crop (2n = 2x = 24) within the Rhamnaceae family. This plant species is native to China, with its putative center of origin situated in the Yellow River basin [1]. Chinese jujube (hereafter referred to as jujube) is often a multipurpose tree cultivated for fruits and features a tremendous economic impo.
