., biofuels, bioplastics) by means of microbial fermentation [5]. So far, most research on lignocellulose
., biofuels, bioplastics) by means of microbial fermentation [5]. So far, most studies on lignocellulose (namely, second generation) biorefining happen to be addressed to production of fuels (e.g., ethanol, butanol) owing to bigger economic interest in these chemical substances [6]. Even so, there is rising interest in using lignocellulose feedstocks for production of other commodity chemicals such as organic acids [7]. In fact, a 2004 report of your US Division of Power integrated a variety of carboxylic acids (e.g., succinic, fumaric, malic, glucaric, 3hydroxypropionic, and itaconic acid) amongst the top value platform chemicals derived from biomass determined by their chemical properties, prior and prospective industry, and FAUC 365 supplier technical complexity of their synthesis pathway(s) [10]. Utilizing related criteria and taking into account the technological advances that had occurred inside the meantime, extra chemical compounds were included in this list six years later, which include lactic acid [11]. Industrial interest in organic acidsFermentation 2021, 7, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentationhttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/fermentationFermentation 2021, 7,2 ofmainly refers to their use as building-block chemical compounds [12], despite the fact that other applications (e.g., food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile market) may possibly be relevant, depending on the distinct compound (Table 1). Application potential of microbial-derived organic acids strongly will depend on their price tag, which in most instances at the moment limits their competitiveness with oil-derived compounds. Nowadays, the market size of these chemicals is far smaller sized than that of MNITMT Purity & Documentation biofuels (Table 1). For comparison, in 2020, the market size of ethanol was estimated at about 95 billion US [13], even though that of adipic acid (essentially the most commercially crucial organic acid) was about five billion US [14]. Establishing cost-competitive microbial production processes (e.g., by utilizing cheaper fermentation feedstock) is for that reason the important for totally expanding the market of those compounds [10], that is amongst the priority areas of financial improvement designated by the European Commission [15].Table 1. Most current estimation of financial parameters, production feedstocks, and applications of some leading value organic acids. 3-HP, 3-hydroxypropionic acid; AA, adipic acid; CAGR, compound annual growth rate; CCM, cis,cis-muconic acid; FA, fumaric acid; GA, glucaric acid; IA, itaconic acid; LA, lactic acid; MA, malic acid; n.a., not obtainable; SA, succinic acid. At the moment Exploited Feedstocks Annual Production (k Tons) Market Size (US Million)Application FieldN of C AtomsPrice (US /kg)Organic AcidLA C3 3-HP1.30.12.8Biodegradable polymers, food and beverages, private care/cosmetics, pharmaceuticals Food/feed additive/preservative, building block for plastic polymers, acrylic acid precursor Food/beverage additive, rosin paper sizing, unsaturated polyester resin, alkyd resin, personal care/cosmetics Food/beverage additive, personal care/cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biodegradable polymers Production of 1,4-butanediol and polymers, lubricants, pigments, individual care, food colorants Plasticizer, lubricating oil additive, adhesives, sealants, finishing agents, paints, coatings Nylon 6,six, polyurethanes, adipic esters Bio-plastics, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, new functional resins, food additives, production of bulk chemical compounds Detergents, polymer synthesis, corrosion inhibitors, pharmaceuticals, meals additives/health supplementscorn, sugarcane Glucose, glycerol, 1,3-propan.
