Y of Atmosphere, Japan [36], and then conditioned at 21.5 1.5 C and 35 5 RH inside a PM2.5 weighing chamber (PWS-PM2.five , Tokyo Dylec Corp., Tokyo, Japan) before weighing by an electric micro-balance (Sartorius Cubis MSU2.7S-000-DF, MD = 1 ). An inertial filter (IF) consisting of webbed stainless-steel fibers (typical fiber diameter df = 9.eight , Mouse Epigenetics Nippon Seisen Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan, felt kind, SUS-316) inside a cartridge nozzle of five.25 mm [34,37] was utilized for the fifth stage to separate the PM0.1 fraction. Aluminum foil was employed to cover each and every filter just before storing it in a polyethylene bag. Filters had been transported involving Kanazawa, Japan, plus the sampling internet sites in Jambi, Indonesia. All the filters have been accompanied by numerous blank filters to account for probable contamination in the course of their transport. The air sampling was carried out for 7 continuous days from 2 August to 9 August in the RS website and for 6 continuous days at the RV web-site from 7 August to 13 August 2019. As a way to gather data regarding diurnal and nocturnal behavior, the air sampling was carried out for 112 h in every single time variety, or, 6:00 a.m.:00 p.m. and six:00 p.m.six:00 a.m.. Situations for the air sampling are summarized in Table S1. two.3. Visitors Density The amount of cars was manually counted by volunteers in the RS internet site by using handheld counters during the two distinctive time periods, or, the day time (from six:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) and evening time (from 6:00 p.m. to six:00 a.m.), simultaneously using the air sampling. The automobiles had been classified into 3 categories as motorcycles (MC), light automobiles or LV (vehicles and taxis) and HV (trucks) and are listed in Table S2. two.4. Thermal-Optical Carbon Evaluation Carbonaceous components as organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) of samples on all impactor stages have been evaluated by using a thermal/optical carbon analyzer (Carbon Aerosol Analyzer, Sunset Laboratory, Tigard, OR, USA), following the IMPROVETOR protocol [380]. Samples collected on the IF stage have been not analyzed considering that they’re not applicable for the thermal/optical evaluation. A QFF sample was punched to create a ten 15 mm location as well as the resulting sample was placed within the carbon analyzer for analysis. The sample was then heated inside the analyzer at temperatures of 120, 250, 450 and 550 C to create 4 different OC fractions, i.e., OC1, OC2, OC3 and OC4, respectively, in a one hundred helium atmosphere and three unique EC fractions, i.e., EC1, EC2 and EC3 at 550, 700 and 800 C, respectively, in a mixture of two oxygen and 98 helium. Then followed the addition of O2 for the experimental atmosphere, hence, pyrolysis organic carbon (pyOC) might be determined right after the reflected laser light reaches its original intensity. The EC fraction was divided into char-EC and soot-EC [38,41]. Char-EC is EC1-pyOC, when soot-EC is EC2EC3. The total OC is defined as OC1OC2OC3OC4pyOC, whereas the total EC is EC1EC2EC3-pyOC. Regarding quality assurance and excellent control (QA/QC), a reference standard, i.e., sucrose (C12 H22 O11 ) (196-00015, Sucrose, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and blank filters (n = 4) were PF-06454589 Epigenetic Reader Domain utilised for the calibration. The repeatability on the analyses of the particle spots deposited on the filters was acceptable, with a CV significantly less than 3.two for OC and 7.9 for EC. The minimum detection limits (MDL) for OC and EC based on the evaluation of your travel blanks have been 0.57 and 0.00 /cm2 ,Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,5 ofrespectively. These values had been somewhat smal.
