Nicely because the approaches of iodine application very best suited to receive a biofortification effect. Soil application was studied within the cultivation of wheat, rice, and maize [15]; Fmoc-Gly-OH-15N custom synthesis lettuce [19]; radish; and kohlrabi [20]. Foliar application was carried out in the cultivation of potatoes, tomatoes, nectarines [16], and lettuce [20] together with application through a nutrient option in hydroponic cultivation [21]. Determining the optimal solutions of enriching plants with iodine according to the cultivation technique along with the species on the plant being grown involved, just about exclusively, the use of inorganic iodine compounds KI [22] and KIO3 [235]. Research testing organic iodine compounds, having said that, are rare [26,27]. One particular groundbreaking approach was to test the application of iodosalicylates and iodobenzoates in research on tomato cultivation [26]. These compounds are iodine derivatives of salicylic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BeA). In plants, benzoic acid (BeA) is actually a Mometasone furoate-d3 Autophagy precursor to SA, which is viewed as a signaling molecule and plant growth regulator [28]. Organic iodine compounds in which iodine is bound towards the phenolic nucleus (5ISA and 2IBeA) might be absorbed by the roots of crops. In young tomato plants, the authors tested 5iodosalicylic (5ISA), 3,5diiododalicylic (three,5ISA), 2iodobenzoic (2IBeA), and 4iodobenzoic (4IBeA) acids [26]. Transitions, like feasible secondary iodine metabolites, which will arise in maize plants right after the usage of lowmolecularweight aromatic iodine compounds and their functions in the plant are usually not well-known. Within the lettuce, the authors confirmed the presence of endogenous 3,5diSA, 5ISA, 2IBeA, 4IBeA, and T3 (triiodothyronine) [21]. The second critical aspect could be the probable interaction of vanadium around the uptake and accumulation of iodine in plants. Among all plants from individual ecosystems, essentially the most efficient accumulators of iodine are sea algae and brown algae Laminaria digitata, which include 1 dry matter on typical [29]. The iodine uptake by L. digitata seaweed involves the extracellular oxidation of iodide by vanadiumdependent haloperoxidase (vHPO) [30,31]. In seaweed, among the functions of iodine will be to participate in antioxidant mechanisms that protect the surfaces in the capsid and thallus from oxidative anxiety [29].Agronomy 2021, 11,3 ofThe vHPO enzymes play a central role in each the capture of iodine from sea water and volatile hydrogen halides in the synthesis of marine algae [31,32]. Vanadiumdependent iodoperoxidases (vHIPO) facilitate iodine uptake by catalyzing the oxidation of I to extra lipophilic compounds (iodine (I) acid) HIO and subsequently forming molecular I2, which readily diffuses across the cell membranes in to the cytosol. The course from the further reduction of HIO or I2 to I in apoplasts is unknown [292]. The presence of an enzyme whose prosthetic group consists of a metal for instance vanadium capable of catalyzing the oxidation of halides (Cl , Br , I ) in the presence of H2 O2 to hypohalogenic acids is unknown in greater plants. The very first affirmation of vHPO activity in greater plants was observed in lettuce by Smolen et al. [21]. Vanadium and iodine are well known to be effective components for greater plants. Vanadium’s capability to stimulate constructive effects on plants at low concentrations was confirmed, as had been the toxic effects of larger doses of vanadium on plants. The biological and physiological properties of V also depend on V’s oxidation state. Vanadium exists in quite a few oxidation states from 1 to.
