Experiments. JLH performed the experiments and analyzed the data. WJL, LCH, and SPL participated the progress reports and troubleshooting in experiments. NSZ and JHG wrote the manuscript.FUNDINGThis function was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan (MOST 1062320B002005MY3) and Gongwin Biopharm Co., Ltd. (2016ED0003).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe acknowledge the support by the Center for Revolutionary Therapeutics Discovery at National Taiwan University.CONCLUSIONThe data recommend that PTS is definitely an helpful antitumor agent with both in vitro and in vivo efficacies (Figure 8). PTS induces antiproliferative effect through an arrest with the cell cycle at G1 phase and apoptosis by means of Bak and PUMAinvolved mitochondrial dysfunction in each PC3 and DU145 cells. In addition, Akt is critical to mTORp70S6K pathway in the apoptotic regulationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALThe Supplementary Material for this short article can be found on the web at: https:www.frontiersin.orgarticles10.3389fphar. 2018.01223fullsupplementarymaterial
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play significant roles in development, cellular Pirimicarb AChE differentiation, proliferation, cell cycle manage, and cell death (Bhaskaran and Mohan, 2014). They are important in development and progression of several sorts of illnesses like cancer (Hayes et al., 2014; Rupaimoole and Slack, 2017). Because it was found that the miRNA was involved in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, more and much more miRNAs were identified to link with development and progression of F16 MedChemExpress cancers (Musilova and Mraz, 2015). It has been reported that miRNAs can regulate chemotherapeutic efficacy in a number of cancers (Magee et al., 2015; Mognato and Celotti, 2015). HuiMing Lin et al have found that miR217 and miR181b5p drastically enhanced apoptosis in PC3 cells, indicating their therapeutic possible to enhance taxane response in castrationresistant prostate cancer (CRPC) (Lin et al., 2018). In addition, Bone marrowderived mesenchymal stemstromal cells (BMMSCs)derived exosomes market colon cancer stem celllike traits by means of miR1423p, suggesting numerous techniques of miRNAs in regulatiing cancer progressionFrontiers in Pharmacology www.frontiersin.orgDecember 2018 Volume 9 ArticleWang et al.MiR3188 Inhibits Lung Cancer Proliferation(Li and Li, 2018). As among the original miRNAs found, the biological part of miR3188 and its molecular mechanisms underlying cancer initiation and progression has been reported in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Zhao et al., 2016). In addition, miR3188 suppression could inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells through regulating p27 expression. On the other hand, how it performs in nonsmall cell lung cancer remains unclear. Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) is actually a protein encoded by the FOXO1 gene. FOXO1 shuttles amongst nucleus and cytoplasm back and forth. AKT phosphorylates FOXO1 and results in FOXO1 translocate from nucleus to cytoplasm (Hay, 2011; Tzivion et al., 2011). Phosphorylated FOXO1 induces cell proliferation, inhibits cell apoptosis, and increases cell invasion and metastasis. Moreover, in addition, it promotes angiogenesis and reduces cell apoptosis in chemotherapy and radiotherapy (Dansen and Burgering, 2008; Zhang B. et al., 2015). AKT phosphorylation was induced by phosphoFOXO1 in NSCLC (Maekawa et al., 2009). Nonetheless, the involvement of FOXO1 in inhibiting NSCLC cell proliferation is unrevealed. PI3KAktmTOR signaling pathway has been effectively characterized and recognized to play vital roles in lung cancer cell proliferation and survival.
