D for discovery of novel polysaccharides.Spirulina has been used as pharmaceutical additives and for nutritive purposes with no danger to wellness.Furthermore, studies recommend that compounds basically composed of polysaccharides discovered in Spirulina have antiflammatory properties amidst other therapeutic functions .Additionally, Spirulan; a sulfated polysaccharide made by Arthrospira platensis (formely Spirulina platensis), has been documented as an inhibitor of pulmonary metastasis in humans in addition to a preventer of adhesion and proliferation of tumor cells.To this end, electrospining biomass of Spirulina to porous scaffolds and nanofibers are ideas developed for the remedy of spinal cord injury .Similarly, the marine bacteria; Vibrio diabolicus produces polysaccharides which are hyaluronic acid like and have been commercialized with “Hyalurift” trade name.The polysaccharide has been shown to have restoration activity to bone integrity ..Exopolysaccharides in Bacterial Biofilm In nature, bacteria exists in colonies accumulating at interfaces to form polybacterial aggregates including mats, flocs, sludge or biofilms and not planktonic dispersed single cells as will likely be noticed in laboratory pure cultures .Bacteria will not be alone within this endeavor as other microbes are inclusive.Nevertheless, our emphasis is with Isorhamnetin MEK respect to bacteria and how their exopolysaccharides play essential roles.Moreover, for much less ambiguity we will stick for the use of term biofilms to mean microbial aggregatesInt.J.Mol.Scithat accumulate at a strong iquid interface and are encased in a matrix of extremely hydrated extracellular biopolymers.Despite the fact that this description will not take into account groups of cost-free floating microbial aggregates (flocs).Biofilms have been metaphorically dubbed “city of microbes” , and the extracellular biopolymers, in which exopolysaccharide predominates, as the “house of the biofilm cells” , Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been known as the Escherichia coli of biofilm research, because it may be the most investigated bacteria with respect to biofilms research .Biofilms have already been extensively studied , along with a summary of the roles played by exopolysaccharides in bacterial biofilms is articulated in Table and some human ailments involving biofilms are summarized in Table .Table .A number of the roles ascribed to exopolysaccharides in biofilms.Process Adhesion Bacterial cell aggregation Functional Relevance of Exopolysaccharides to Biofilms Exopolysaccharides tends to make provision for the initial measures in the colonization of surfaces (abiotic and biotic) and longterm attachment of biofilms.The bridging between cells is enabled by exopolysaccharides, therefore temporarily immobilizing bacterial population thus, the subsequent development of high cell densities and cell ell recognition.Hydrophilic exopolysaccharides have higher water retention ability PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21602266 thus keeping a hydrated microenvironment about biofilm and this top towards the survival of desiccation in waterdeficient environments.Neutral and charged exopolysaccharides types a hydrated polymer network (the biofilm matrix), mediating the mechanical stability of biofilms (usually in conjunction with multivalent cations), figuring out biofilm architecture, also as enabling cellcell communication.Exopolysaccharides serves as source of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus containing compounds for utilization by the biofilm community.Exopolysaccharides confers resistance to non specific and specific host defences during infec.
