RHDL74 has protective effects in endotoxemic mice and the RAW264.7 cell inflammation model, which was supported by the following data: 1) a significant reduction of CRP, MCP-1, and CD14 in endotoxemic mice (p,0.001); and 2) a significant (-)-Indolactam V site inhibition of the activation of NF-kB in endotoxemic mice and JNK and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, rHDL228 elevated the plasma level of CRP, MCP-1 and CD14 and aggravated the activation of NFkB and ERK. The protective effects of HDL following LPS exposure have been well documented. Epidemiological studies have shown that HDL levels are inversely correlated with the outcome of endotoxic shock [21,22,23]. Additionally, the systemic administration of reconstituted HDL in human volunteers down-regulated CD14 on monocytes and attenuated pro-inflammatory mediators caused bysmall doses of intravenous LPS [24]. HDL also protects against LPS-induced inflammation and lethality in experimental animal models [5,6,7]. It has been found that a twofold increase in plasma HDL in human apoA-I transgenic mice enhances the binding of intraperitoneally administered LPS to HDL, reduces plasma TNFa levels and improves the survival rate compared to control mice [5]. Likewise, an intravenous injection of reconstituted HDL increased survival in mice injected with LPS and in rabbits challenged with live Escherichia coli [25]. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that apoA-I and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid associated with lipoproteins, especially HDL, inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Reconstituted HDL and an apoA-I mimetic peptide reduced the LPS-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in vitro [26,27]. S1P significantly reduced pulmonary vascular leakage and inflammation in a murine model of LPS-induced acute lung injury [28]. Taken Tubastatin-A site together, these studies indicate a therapeutic function of rHDL. Our study 1531364 is consistent with previous findings in which we also observed similar therapeutic functions of rHDLwt. NF-kB, JNK, p38 and ERK were the most important factors playing a pivotal role in mediating inflammatory responses to a variety of signals, including inflammatory cytokines [29]. In our study, rHDL74 exhibited a higher capability to inhibit the activation of NF-kB, JNK and p38 compared to rHDLwt, while rHDL228 aggravated the activation of NF-kB and ERK. Thus, our data indicate that the different mechanisms of rHDL74 and rHDL228 in inflammation were associated with the regulation of inflammatory factors and the activation of NF-kB, JNK, p38 and ERK. In summary, compared with rHDLwt, rHDL74 has higher anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing inflammatory factors and inhibiting the activation of NF-kB, JNK, and p38, whereas rHDL228 shows hyper-proinflammation by increasing these inflammatory factors and aggravating the activation of NF-kB and ERK.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: YW ZM. Performed the experiments: YW SL XL ND. Analyzed the data: YS JX XP BC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YW ZM. Wrote the paper: YW SL XL ND.
Primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem-cell disorders, characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and an increased probability of developing acute leukemia. Autoimmune-mediated myelosuppression and immune evasion of malignant clone are increasingly recognized in the process of MDS. Clinical responses to immunoregulatory therapy and findings of e.RHDL74 has protective effects in endotoxemic mice and the RAW264.7 cell inflammation model, which was supported by the following data: 1) a significant reduction of CRP, MCP-1, and CD14 in endotoxemic mice (p,0.001); and 2) a significant inhibition of the activation of NF-kB in endotoxemic mice and JNK and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, rHDL228 elevated the plasma level of CRP, MCP-1 and CD14 and aggravated the activation of NFkB and ERK. The protective effects of HDL following LPS exposure have been well documented. Epidemiological studies have shown that HDL levels are inversely correlated with the outcome of endotoxic shock [21,22,23]. Additionally, the systemic administration of reconstituted HDL in human volunteers down-regulated CD14 on monocytes and attenuated pro-inflammatory mediators caused bysmall doses of intravenous LPS [24]. HDL also protects against LPS-induced inflammation and lethality in experimental animal models [5,6,7]. It has been found that a twofold increase in plasma HDL in human apoA-I transgenic mice enhances the binding of intraperitoneally administered LPS to HDL, reduces plasma TNFa levels and improves the survival rate compared to control mice [5]. Likewise, an intravenous injection of reconstituted HDL increased survival in mice injected with LPS and in rabbits challenged with live Escherichia coli [25]. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that apoA-I and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid associated with lipoproteins, especially HDL, inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Reconstituted HDL and an apoA-I mimetic peptide reduced the LPS-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in vitro [26,27]. S1P significantly reduced pulmonary vascular leakage and inflammation in a murine model of LPS-induced acute lung injury [28]. Taken together, these studies indicate a therapeutic function of rHDL. Our study 1531364 is consistent with previous findings in which we also observed similar therapeutic functions of rHDLwt. NF-kB, JNK, p38 and ERK were the most important factors playing a pivotal role in mediating inflammatory responses to a variety of signals, including inflammatory cytokines [29]. In our study, rHDL74 exhibited a higher capability to inhibit the activation of NF-kB, JNK and p38 compared to rHDLwt, while rHDL228 aggravated the activation of NF-kB and ERK. Thus, our data indicate that the different mechanisms of rHDL74 and rHDL228 in inflammation were associated with the regulation of inflammatory factors and the activation of NF-kB, JNK, p38 and ERK. In summary, compared with rHDLwt, rHDL74 has higher anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing inflammatory factors and inhibiting the activation of NF-kB, JNK, and p38, whereas rHDL228 shows hyper-proinflammation by increasing these inflammatory factors and aggravating the activation of NF-kB and ERK.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: YW ZM. Performed the experiments: YW SL XL ND. Analyzed the data: YS JX XP BC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YW ZM. Wrote the paper: YW SL XL ND.
Primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem-cell disorders, characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and an increased probability of developing acute leukemia. Autoimmune-mediated myelosuppression and immune evasion of malignant clone are increasingly recognized in the process of MDS. Clinical responses to immunoregulatory therapy and findings of e.
